Tunisia’s Country Report on Genome Editing (GEd) Landscape Analysis

Secondary data (desk research) for Tunisia was collected from published literature, national strategies, regulatory frameworks, and institutional websites, while primary data was obtained through survey questionnaires and structured face-to-face consultations with key stakeholders. In specific cases, email-based communication was attempted, but due to low responsiveness, direct interviews were prioritized. Data from both secondary and primary sources were subsequently analysed, synthesized, and organized to provide a comprehensive narrative in terms of the following:

2.1. Status of and Biotech/GEd Regulatory and Policy Frameworks

Components of the Tunisian regulatory and policy framework in the fields of biotechnology, biosafety, and agricultural research were reviewed, compiled, and analysed. Data gathered from desk research and consultations were synthesized and organized into tables and narratives, offering insights into Tunisia’s level of preparedness to adopt and regulate genome editing technologies.

2.2. Projects, Crops, Livestock, Fisheries, Forestry and Traits Ready for Commercialization and Scaling

Information on biotechnology and genome editing projects was collected from national research programs and institutional databases (e.g., INRAT, INRGREF, CNSTN, CBS, BNG, and universities). These data included details on crops, traits, research partnerships, and funding sources. The analysis aimed to:
i. Identify potential applications of genome editing that address economic, social, and environmental/climate challenges in Tunisia.
ii. Provide an overview of existing human and infrastructural capacities within research and development (R&D) institutions relevant to genome editing.

2.3. Staple, Indigenous and Commercial Crops that Need Improvement Using GEd Technology

Collected data were disaggregated to highlight staple cereals (e.g., wheat, barley), indigenous and underutilized legumes (e.g., chickpea, lentil, faba bean), and commercial crops (e.g., olives, date palm, tomatoes) that would most benefit from genome editing applications. The assessment considered potential socio-economic impact, alignment with national priorities (food security, climate resilience), resource requirements, and scalability.

2.4. Institutional Capacity (Human Capital, Laboratory and Field Infrastructure, Equipment)

During stakeholder consultations, research institutions and universities were asked about their current capacities in genome editing R&D, including human resources, laboratory facilities, field infrastructure, and equipment. The collected information was consolidated to provide an institutional profile of Tunisia’s scientific and technical readiness to adopt genome editing technologies.

2.5. Stakeholder Mapping

A targeted sampling strategy was employed to identify individuals and institutions directly involved in agricultural biotechnology, biosafety, and genome editing in Tunisia. Key stakeholders included regulatory agencies, universities, research institutions, government ministries, and the private sector. Many stakeholders were identified through institutional databases, published literature, and referrals from institutional heads and experts in the field.

2.6. Database Systems and Data Management

The survey questionnaires, developed in collaboration with AUDA-NEPAD, were tailored to each stakeholder category (regulatory agencies, universities, research institutions, government ministries, and private sector). Responses were captured and consolidated in a database system to provide structured datasets that reflect Tunisia’s level of preparedness to engage in genome editing.

2.7. Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis

Where applicable, quantitative data collected through surveys and interviews were synthesized and statistically analysed. Results were categorized by stakeholder type and research focus area, ensuring comparability with other countries and continental-level analyses.

2.8. Interactive Map

An interactive database and mapping tool, aligned with the Agenda 2063 dashboard, was used to visualize information collected in Tunisia. This tool supports the identification of key genome editing projects, target crops and traits, and institutional capacities at both national and continental scales.

1. National Regulatory Framework

Tunisia has recognized the importance of biosafety and biotechnology regulation since ratifying the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2003 (UNEP, 2015). Efforts to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework have been ongoing, with significant developments over the past two decades. Tunisia's regulatory framework for biotechnology is still evolving. The draft biosafety law aims to provide a legal basis for the safe handling, transport, and use of GMOs and related products. Key components of the proposed framework include:

• Risk Assessment and Management: Establishing procedures for evaluating the potential risks associated with GMOs and genome-edited products (UNEP, 2015).

• Public Participation and Awareness: Promoting transparency and involving stakeholders in decision-making processes (UNEP, 2015).

• Monitoring and Enforcement: Implementing mechanisms to ensure compliance with biosafety regulations (UNEP, 2015).

While the draft law has not been enacted, Tunisia continues to develop its capacity for biosafety regulation through institutional strengthening and participation in international initiatives. The country is also part of regional networks, such as the Middle East and North Africa GMO Analysis Laboratory Network (MENANGL), which facilitate collaboration and information exchange on biosafety matters (Bchir et al., 2020).

Tunisia's commitment to establishing a robust biosafety regulatory framework demonstrates its recognition of the importance of biotechnology and genome editing in addressing agricultural challenges. The enactment of the draft biosafety law and the development of specific guidelines for genome editing will be crucial steps in enabling the safe and effective use of these technologies in Tunisia.

3.1.1. Regulatory Agencies 

The primary authority overseeing biosafety and biotechnology in Tunisia is the Ministry of Environment (UNEP, 2015). This ministry coordinates biosafety activities and serves as the national focal point for the Cartagena Protocol. In 2015, a draft Biosafety Law was prepared to provide a legal basis for regulating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and related technologies. However, as of the latest available information, this law has not yet been enacted (GeneConvene, 2024).

Additionally, Tunisia has established several institutions to support biosafety and biotechnology research:

• National Biosafety Commission: Responsible for evaluating and advising on biosafety matters (UNEP, 2015).

• National Gene Bank: Involved in the conservation of genetic resources and GMO detection (Bchir et al., 2020).

• Technical Center of Agrifood (CTAA), Central Laboratory of Analysis and Assays (LCAE), and Laboratory of Analysis of Seeds and Plants: These laboratories are equipped for GMO detection and analysis (Bchir et al., 2020).

  2. Regulations and Guidelines

Tunisia has developed a National Biosafety Framework (NBF) with support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) (UNEP, 2015). The NBF includes strategies for risk assessment, management, and public awareness regarding GMOs. Despite these efforts, the absence of enacted biosafety law has limited the full implementation of the NBF (UNEP, 2015).

In terms of genome editing, Tunisia has not yet established specific regulations or guidelines. However, the draft biosafety law and existing frameworks are expected to encompass emerging biotechnologies, including genome editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 (GeneConvene, 2024). The development of such regulations would align Tunisia with regional advocacy efforts, such as by the Genome Editing Initiative and the African Union's High-Level Panel on Emerging Technologies (APET) communication and advocacy and advisory reports efforts, which advocates for science-based approaches for management of genome editing in agriculture (AUDA-NEPAD, 2018 and 2021).

2. Components of the regulatory framework for GEd products

The components of the regulatory framework for GMO/GEd products can be found in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Status of Tunisia’s Participation in Key Multilateral Environmental Agreements 

Table 2 Regulatory and Institutional Landscape for Genome Editing (GEd) in Tunisia

Regulatory and Institutional Landscape for Genome Editing (GEd) in Tunisia

3. Political Landscape

The Tunisian government has integrated agricultural innovation and sustainability into its strategic vision for the sector. Although Tunisia has not yet developed a specific policy framework on Genome Editing (GEd) or New Breeding Techniques (NBTs), these strategies underline the importance of adopting modern technologies to ensure food security and reduce dependence on imports. Public debate on GMOs in Tunisia has been relatively limited, yet the topic remains sensitive, with discussions often centered on food safety, environmental impacts, and the socio-economic consequences for smallholder farmers. Civil society organizations and researchers occasionally raise concerns, but public awareness and understanding of biotechnology and emerging GEd tools remain low. Enhancing communication, education, and stakeholder dialogue will be crucial for building trust and informed decision-making regarding the adoption of such technologies.

4. Regional Perspective

Countries in the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), including Tunisia, currently lack a harmonized and comprehensive regulatory framework for genome editing (GEd) at the regional level. While several countries in the region are in the process of revising or drafting biosafety laws primarily focused on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) most have not yet addressed genome editing in a clear or specific manner. In Tunisia, a national biosafety law was drafted in 2014, but it has not been adopted, leaving genome-edited products in a legal and institutional grey zone. 

Moreover, awareness and understanding of genome editing technologies remain largely confined to academic and research institutions, with limited diffusion into other sectors such as agriculture, regulatory agencies, the private sector, and civil society. This restricted engagement hampers broader policy dialogue, slows public acceptance, and limits opportunities for innovation and commercialization beyond the laboratory setting.

In contrast, other Regional Economic Commissions (RECs) like the ECOWAS, EAC and COMESA represented by Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa, respectively, have demonstrated more proactive approaches. The mentioned countries have adopted or are implementing regulatory frameworks that explicitly include genome editing and providing a reference point for other Countries within their RECs. South Africa, for instance, applies its GMO Act to genome-edited organisms and has reviewed actual submissions. Nigeria has developed draft GEd guidelines and has shown high-level commitment to enabling its use in agriculture and food systems.

In this context, enhanced regional cooperation through frameworks such as the Union du Maghreb Arabe (UMA) or initiatives led by AUDA-NEPAD could help North African countries develop shared regulatory principles and institutional models. Such collaboration would not only promote the responsible deployment of genome editing technologies, but also foster cross-border alignment, knowledge transfer, and stakeholder engagement, thereby facilitating regional innovation and sustainable development.

1.  Socio-economic considerations for decision-making in GEd technology and application

In Tunisia, socio-economic considerations will play a decisive role in shaping policies and decisions related to Genome Editing (GEd), particularly in the agricultural sector. These considerations extend beyond technical feasibility and involve assessing the potential impact of GEd technologies on national food security, rural livelihoods, market dynamics, and social equity.

Key economic outputs include:

• Increased agricultural productivity: GEd could contribute to improving yields of strategic crops such as wheat, barley, and pulses, which are central to Tunisia’s food security strategy. Higher productivity could support farmer incomes, reduce food insecurity, and lessen dependence on imports.

• Market access and trade: Given Tunisia’s strong trade relations with the European Union, any adoption of GEd crops will require careful alignment with EU regulations and standards, which will significantly influence market access.

• Investment and employment: GEd may generate opportunities in research, technology development, and the agri-food industry, but it also requires enabling policies and safeguards to prevent displacement of smallholder farmers or widening inequalities.

Social impact outcomes include:

• Public perception and acceptance: Public awareness and understanding of GEd remain limited. The perception of GEd as equivalent to GMOs reinforces skepticism and resistance. Building public trust will require transparent communication, public dialogue, and education campaigns.

• Health and nutrition: GEd could help address nutritional deficiencies, for instance by biofortifying staple crops with higher protein or micronutrient content. However, health safety assessments and equitable access to these innovations are essential.

• Social equity and justice: The integration of GEd technologies must ensure inclusiveness and equitable benefits, particularly for smallholder farmers, who form the majority of the agricultural sector.

Cultural and ethical considerations include:

• Respect for traditional practices: Tunisia has a strong tradition of valuing local crop varieties and farming systems. The introduction of GEd must be designed to complement, rather than undermine, these cultural practices.

• Ethical concerns: Ethical debates around genetic manipulation and unintended environmental or health consequences need to be addressed within a robust governance system.

• Religious and societal values: While no explicit religious position on GEd exists in Tunisia, broader cultural and ethical sensitivities must be taken into account in public debates.

Decision-making recommendations:

• Regulatory frameworks: Tunisia currently lacks a clear regulatory framework for GEd. Developing a transparent, science-based framework that distinguishes GEd from GMOs will be crucial for enabling safe and responsible adoption.

• Public participation and consultation: Involving civil society, consumer groups, farmers’ associations, and the private sector in decision-making will strengthen trust and ensure that GEd technologies are socially acceptable.

• Capacity building and infrastructure: Investment in research institutions, laboratory infrastructure, and training programs is essential to build local expertise in GEd development and regulation.

• International collaboration: Tunisia should strengthen regional and international collaborations to benefit from shared expertise, resources, and best practices, particularly within the AUDA-NEPAD framework and other African countries that have already advanced GEd guidelines.

2. Genome Editing Programs and Projects in Tunisia

There is no GEd project currently going on in the country. While Tunisia has not yet initiated genome editing (GEd) projects that involve the direct application of tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, TALENs, or ZFNs, the country has made significant strides in genomics and molecular biology. These efforts are laying the groundwork for future GEd initiatives. Notably, the Genome Tunisia Project (Ben Halima et al. 2024) and GGTunisia2022 (GetGenome, 2022) have focused on whole-genome sequencing, genetic diversity characterization, and variant identification in human, microbial, and plant genomes. Although these projects do not involve genome editing per se, they are crucial in establishing the scientific expertise, technical infrastructure, and bioinformatics capabilities required for future deployment of genome editing technologies in agriculture, health, and biodiversity conservation.

• Genome Tunisia Project (2019–2035) 

This national project aims to establish a reference genome sequence for Tunisia and integrate personalized medicine into the healthcare system. It is coordinated by the Genome Tunisia Collaborative Alliance (GTCA), a multidisciplinary network supported by the Ministry of Health (Ben Halima et al. 2024). The project is structured in two phases:

• Phase 1 (2022–2025): Generation of genomic data, analysis of genetic variations, and establishment of a bioinformatics infrastructure.

• Phase 2 (2025–2035): Integration of precision medicine into hospitals, development of targeted diagnostics, and improvement of treatments for genetic diseases. The project is funded by a dedicated budget included in the Tunisian Finance Law for 2023.

• GGTunisia2022

This initiative, supported by the GetGenome program, has funded over 30 early-career Tunisian researchers. It has led to the publication of 95 genomes on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BioSample platform and the production of 21 preprints. The supported projects cover fields such as plant genomics, microbial biodiversity, and functional genomics (Get Genome, 2022).

• NGS-4-ECOPROD

Funded by the European Union through the Horizon Europe programme (Grant Agreement No. 101079425), the NGS‑4‑ECOPROD project has generated the first genomic dataset for Tunisian macrofungi using Illumina and Nanopore sequencing technologies (European Commission, 2022). It is coordinated by researchers from the Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, who lead key tasks related to sequencing, data management, dissemination, and project coordination (CBS, 2024).

Table 3: Genome Editing Projects and Programs in Tunisia

3. Analysis of Human Capital and Institutional Capacity

In Tunisia, human capital and institutional capacity in Genome Editing (GEd) are still at an early stage of development. A few Tunisian researchers have benefited from international training opportunities in plant biotechnology and molecular genetics, including participation in capacity-building courses and workshops organized by international programs such as the African Plant Breeding Academy, AUDA-NEPAD initiatives, and European Union funded projects. These opportunities have provided exposure to CRISPR-Cas9 and other new breeding techniques, though they remain limited to a small group of specialists.

4. Research, Development and Academic Institutions

At the national level, Tunisia has a well-established higher education and research system, with 13 public universities and a network of national research institutes under the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MESRS) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic Resources and Fisheries (MARHP). Key institutions engaged in biotechnology and molecular biology include the Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IP), the Biotechnology Centers of Sfax (CBS),  the CBBC-Borj-Cedria, the National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia (INRAT), the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT) etc. These institutions conduct research and offer advanced training in fields related to genomics, plant breeding, and molecular biology, though dedicated programs exclusively focused on genome editing are not yet established.

In terms of curricula, several Tunisian universities (such as the University ofTunis El Manar, University of Carthage, University of Sfax, and University of Monastir) offer degree programs in Biotechnology, Genetics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, which include modules relevant to genome editing techniques. Research projects occasionally integrate CRISPR and related approaches, particularly in plant breeding, plant protection, and medical sciences, but such applications remain sporadic and largely at the experimental level.

Table 4 Overview of Academic and Research Institutions Working on Genome Editing (GEd) and Related Capacity in Tunisia.

While several universities in Tunisia offer strong Master's and PhD programs related to biotechnology among others, dedicated GEd curricula remain limited. Key institutions such as the University of Sfax, University of Tunis El Manar, and university of Monastir are well-equipped and staffed. However, most universities still require investment in CRISPR-Cas9 kits, sequencing platforms, and specialized training programs to scale up GEd research.

5. Training and professional development 

Tunisia has shown increasing interest in capacity building related to biotechnology, biosafety, and genome editing (GEd) through various national and international training initiatives, reflecting its commitment to advancing scientific knowledge and regulatory frameworks in these fields. 

Table 5 Overview of Functional Genomics and Genome Editing-Related Training Programs in Tunisia

• Pasteur Institute of Tunis (IPT)

In collaboration with Learn & Win, organized the "CRISPR & Gene Editing African Conference and Workshop" in Tunis from 12 to 17 June 2023 (https://jobs-usf.info/african-workshop-and-meeting-crispr-gene-editing-12-17-june-2023/). The workshop which brought together leading scientists and students from across the continent to discuss the latest innovations in genome editing and explore its applications in African agriculture and health systems (Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 2023a). The workshop included theoretical sessions and practical training, enhancing participants' understanding of genome editing applications in agriculture and healthcare (Learn & Win, 2023). This event helped strengthen local capacities in CRISPR-Cas systems, regulatory frameworks, and risk assessment. Tunisian speakers and trainers included Sadri Znaidi, Thouraya Boussoffara, Ali Ben Cheikh, Mayssa Gnaien, Fatma Guerfalli and Insaf Bel Hadji Ali from the Pasteur Institute of Tunisia.

• AUDA-NEPAD ABNE

Additionally, Tunisia has been involved in regional training programs such as those coordinated by AUDA-NEPAD ABNE, which aim to equip African policymakers, regulators, and researchers with skills to manage biosafety and genome editing in accordance with international best practices (AUDA-NEPAD ABNE, 2021). AUDA-NEPAD has also organized training workshops on biotechnology, gene editing, gene drive, and synthetic biology for the African Biosafety Communication Network. These workshops aim to strengthen communication strategies and regulatory capacities concerning emerging biotechnologies (AUDA-NEPAD, 2023). Tunisian researchers have also benefited from workshops and support organized by AfricaBP, notably through its Open Institute initiative, which offers structured bioinformatics and genomics training with a goal of training over 400 Africans annually (Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 2023b).

• The European Union

Furthermore, the European Union has invested in boosting Tunisian biotech research through projects like BIOPROTECH, which aimed to enhance the research capacities of the Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS). This initiative included training courses and workshops to improve skills in bioprocesses, biosafety, and technology transfer, facilitating Tunisia's integration into the European Research Area (European Commission, 2013).

These efforts have been instrumental in preparing Tunisia’s scientific community for the safe and responsible deployment of genome editing technologies in agriculture, health, and biodiversity conservation. However, national-level coordination of training linked to the development of a biosafety regulatory framework for GEd products is still in its early stages.

6. Analysis of Infrastructure and Equipment for GEd in Tunisia

The Government of Tunisia has supported the development of biotechnology research through dedicated research centers and university programs. Several public institutions, including the IPT, the CBS, the CBBC, are equipped with advanced laboratories for molecular biology activities. These facilities have access to CRISPR-Cas9 technology, bioinformatics platforms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machines, fluorescence microscopes, and basic sequencing equipment. However, many universities and regional research centers still lack the necessary infrastructure and equipment to fully engage in GEd work. Equipment such as high-throughput sequencing technologies, electroporation devices, flow cytometers, and synthetic biology platforms remain limited or unavailable. Furthermore, while there is a growing pool of human capital in molecular biology and bioinformatics, there is a pressing need to build specific technical expertise in genome editing and expand training programs. Strengthening these capacities through investment in infrastructure and researcher training is essential for Tunisia to scale up GEd research and applications across agriculture, health, and environmental sectors. The current institutional capacities are summarized in Table 6 below.

Table 6 Status and Needs Assessment of Biosafety Laboratory Facilities by Institution

7. Analysis of Indigenous and Staple Crops, Livestock, Agroforestry, and Fisheries Varieties/ Breeds for Improvement Using GEd 

The crops identified for genome editing (GEd) interventions align closely with Tunisia’s national priorities in food security, economic resilience, and climate adaptation. Strategic staples such as durum wheat, olive, and date palm are essential to the country’s food sovereignty and export economy, yet they face growing biotic and abiotic threats.

Tunisia remains heavily reliant on cereal imports, spending US $1.57 billion in 2023, due to insufficient domestic production (Trade Map, 2024; FAOSTAT, 2023). Durum wheat, a key ingredient in staple foods like couscous and pasta, is especially vulnerable to yield fluctuations, placing additional pressure on national food systems.

Meanwhile, olive oil stands as Tunisia’s flagship export. In 2023, the country exported 43,000 tons of virgin olive oil (valued at US $352 million) (International Olive Council, 2024). With olives cultivated on over 2 million hectares and deeply embedded in both the national economy and cultural identity, enhancing drought and disease resistance and improving oil quality through GEd offers considerable strategic benefits.

Similarly, date palms are crucial in the southern oases, both as a cultural symbol and an economic mainstay, yet they remain highly vulnerable to threats like Bayoud disease (FAO, 2021).

Vegetables such as tomato, potato, and pepper, which are widely consumed across Tunisia, are vital for nutritional security and support robust local value chains. Legumes like faba bean and chickpeas contribute to sustainable agriculture through biological nitrogen fixation, while crops such as grapevine and citrus add to dietary diversity and income generation. Aromatic and medicinal plants, such as rosemary and thyme, also offer growing economic and ecological potential.

All these species are deeply rooted in Tunisian agriculture and culture. Genome editing provides a precise and efficient tool to enhance their resilience, productivity, and quality, helping Tunisia respond to evolving climatic, economic, and nutritional challenges.

Similarly, Tunisia faces growing challenges in livestock, fisheries, and agroforestry due to climate change, land degradation, and genetic erosion. In the livestock sector, local cattle breeds such as the Brune de l’Atlas are threatened by crossbreeding with exotic breeds, leading to a loss of adaptive traits like heat tolerance and disease resistance (FAO, 2015; Ben Jemaa et al., 2020). Genome editing (GEd) technologies offer a promising avenue to preserve and enhance these traits, supporting both genetic conservation and productivity (Van Eenennaam, 2019). In fisheries, key species like sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) suffer from disease outbreaks and environmental stress (Sadek et al., 2011). GEd can be used to improve disease resistance and stress tolerance, ensuring more resilient aquaculture systems (Gratacap et al., 2019). In agroforestry, native species such as olive (Olea europaea), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), and fig (Ficus carica) face threats from soil degradation and shifting climatic patterns (Msallem et al., 2010). Genome editing can help develop varieties with improved drought resistance, pest resilience, and soil interaction (Zhang et al., 2020). By focusing on these species, Tunisia can harness GEd to build climate-resilient food systems, conserve genetic heritage, and support rural livelihoods.

8. Staple, Indigenous and Commercial Crops Identified for GEd in Tunisia

Tunisia’s agricultural sector is characterized by a rich diversity of staple, indigenous, and cash crops that are essential for food security, rural livelihoods, and national economic development. Key staples include wheat, barley, and legumes such as chickpea, faba bean, and lentils, which form the foundation of both human and animal diets. Indigenous crops, including olives, figs, and dates, contribute to cultural heritage, nutritional diversity, and ecological sustainability. Tunisia also produces high-value cash crops, notably citrus fruits, grapes, and olive oil, which are important for export revenues and the agro-industrial sector.

Genome editing (GEd) technologies hold considerable potential to enhance the productivity, quality, and resilience of these crops. For cereals and legumes, GEd could improve tolerance to drought, salinity, and heat stress, as well as increase resistance to pests and diseases, thereby supporting climate-resilient food systems. In fruit and tree crops, GEd could be used to enhance fruit quality, extend shelf life, and reduce susceptibility to major diseases such as olive knot, citrus tristeza virus, and date palm fungal pathogens. For cash crops, genome editing could optimize oil content, sugar composition, and bioactive compound profiles, improving both market value and nutritional quality.

In addition to agronomic improvements, GEd offers opportunities to support sustainable intensification by reducing reliance on chemical inputs, enhancing resource-use efficiency, and maintaining biodiversity within cropping systems. However, the adoption of genome-edited crops must consider potential risks, including off-target modifications, regulatory compliance, and equitable access for smallholder farmers. Overall, targeted application of GEd in Tunisia’s staple, indigenous, and cash crops can contribute to increased agricultural productivity, food security, and economic resilience while preserving the country’s rich agrobiodiversity.

Table 7 Priority Organisms for Genome Editing Application

Table 8 Commercial crops with potential for GEd improvement

Table 9 Emerging crops with potential for GEd improvement

9. Analysis of Intellectual Property Rights and Benefit Sharing in Tunisia

Tunisia has established a comprehensive legal and institutional framework to protect intellectual property rights (IPR), encompassing areas such as patents, trademarks, industrial designs, plant breeders' rights, geographical indications, and copyright. The National Institute for Standardization and Industrial Property (INNORPI), operating under the Ministry of Industry Energy and Mines, is the primary authority responsible for the registration and administration of patents, trademarks, and industrial designs (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2023). 

Tunisia is a member of several international treaties and organizations that facilitate the protection of IPR on a global scale. These include the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), the Madrid Protocol for the international registration of marks, and the Lisbon Agreement concerning the protection of appellations of origin and their international registration (WIPO, 2023). However, Tunisia is not a member of the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), which primarily comprises English-speaking African nations (ARIPO, 2023).

In the agricultural sector, Law No. 99-42 of May 10, 1999, governs the protection of new plant varieties, seeds, and seedlings. This law provides plant breeders with exclusive rights over their new varieties, aligning with international standards (WIPO, 1999a). Additionally, Law No. 99-57 of June 28, 1999, addresses the protection of geographical indications and appellations of origin for agricultural products, enabling producers to safeguard the unique qualities and reputations of their regional products (WIPO, 1999b).

To enhance the effectiveness of its IPR system, Tunisia has initiated the Tunisian-Swiss Intellectual Property Project (TUSIP) in collaboration with the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property. This project aims to develop a national IP strategy, strengthen institutional capacities, and raise awareness about the economic importance of IPR among stakeholders (IPI, 2023).

As of now, there have been no specific discussions or legal provisions in Tunisia concerning intellectual property rights related to genome-edited (GEd) products. This is primarily due to the absence of commercialized GEd crops or products within the country.

10. Analysis of Private Sector participation

In Tunisia, the private sector plays a growing but still limited role in modern biotechnologies research and application. However, several key agribusiness companies are increasingly involved in seed production, plant breeding, and agricultural innovation, which could serve as entry points for future modern biotechnologies adoption such as GEd.

Several private seed companies are engaged in seed production, varietal selection, and collaboration with public institutions for the dissemination of improved cultivars. While their current portfolios are largely conventional, these companies could be instrumental in introducing genome-edited crop varieties, particularly if regulatory frameworks and public-private partnerships are strengthened. These companies are not yet directly involved in genome editing projects, they represent significant potential for future engagement in the commercialization of GEd products. Greater investment in R&D, incentives for innovation, and clearer biosafety and intellectual property frameworks would encourage private-sector participation in this emerging field.

The establishment of the BiotechPole Sidi Thabet, a technopole dedicated to biotechnology, pharmaceutical industries, and life sciences, presents an opportunity for private companies to access research and development resources, including training and equipment, to enhance their capabilities in new technologies (biotechpole.tn). Collaborations between the private sector and research institutions could facilitate the adoption of GEd technologies, thereby improving agricultural systems and productivity in Tunisia.

Challenges Facing Private Sector Involvement in Genome Editing in Tunisia

1. Lack of Awareness and Technical Expertise: Most private agricultural companies, including seed producers and agri-input suppliers, have limited awareness or technical capacity related to genome editing technologies. There is a general knowledge gap in understanding GEd potential, applications, and safety requirements.

2. Limited Investment in R&D: Private sector investment in agricultural research and innovation remains modest. R&D activities are mostly concentrated in public institutions, with few structured mechanisms encouraging private-sector-driven innovation in genomics or biotechnology.

3. Regulatory Uncertainty: Tunisia does not yet have a dedicated regulatory framework for genome-edited products. The absence of clear legal guidelines on GEd hinders private companies from engaging in product development or import/export of genome-edited seeds or crops.

4. Weak Public-Private Collaboration: While some partnerships exist between research institutions and private firms, there is no strong, institutionalized framework for public-private collaboration in biotechnology innovation or technology transfer. This limits the translation of academic research into commercial applications.

5. Funding and Incentive Barriers: There are limited funding opportunities, tax incentives, or innovation grants specifically targeting private firms working on agricultural biotechnology or genome editing. This lack of financial motivation constrains engagement.

6. Market Readiness and Consumer Acceptance: There is uncertainty regarding market acceptance of genome-edited products. Consumer perceptions, labeling issues, and lack of communication strategies around the safety and benefits of GEd may discourage private companies from investing.

Opportunities for Private Sector Involvement in Genome Editing in Tunisia

1. Growing Demand for Climate-Resilient Crops: With increasing climate variability and water scarcity, there is a strong need for crops with improved traits such as drought tolerance, pest resistance, and enhanced nutritional value. Genome editing offers precise and rapid solutions to meet this market demand, creating business opportunities for seed and agri-biotech companies.

2. Skilled Human Capital and Academic Partnerships: Tunisia benefits from a pool of skilled researchers and biotechnology graduates. Private companies can collaborate with universities and research centers (e.g., University Tunis El Manar, CBS, IPT, CBBC, INRAT etc.) to co-develop GEd applications, access expertise, and benefit from ongoing innovation.

3. Participation in International Research Programs: Tunisia's association with Horizon Europe and involvement in PRIMA and other EU-funded initiatives opens doors for private companies to join international consortia and access competitive research funding, training, and technology transfer opportunities.

4. Potential for Export-Oriented Innovation: Tunisia’s geographical position and trade agreements with the EU and African countries make it a strategic location to develop genome-edited crops adapted to Mediterranean and North African agro-ecologies, with export potential.

11. Analysis of Funding and investment landscape

In Tunisia, investment in research and development (R&D) has been steadily increasing. In 2022, Tunisia's gross domestic expenditure on R&D reached approximately $750 million, representing 0.61% of its GDP (Statista, 2023 ). This marks a notable increase from 0.54% in 2019 (The Global Economy, 2023). Most R&D funding in Tunisia is sourced from the public sector, with government institutions and higher education establishments being the primary contributors. Private sector involvement in R&D remains limited, accounting for about 20% of the total expenditure (UIS, 2023).

International financial institutions also play a role in supporting R&D initiatives in Tunisia. For example, the European Investment Bank provided €215 million in new financing for Tunisia in 2022, focusing on sectors such as energy, education, and innovation (EIB, 2023).

Despite these investments, the allocation of funds towards advanced biotechnology research, including genome editing (GEd), remains limited. Most R&D activities are concentrated in more traditional sectors, with a minimal focus on cutting-edge biotechnological advancements. This presents an opportunity for Tunisia to enhance its R&D portfolio by increasing investments in modern biotechnology research, thereby fostering innovation and development in this field.

1. National Funding Sources

In Tunisia, biotechnology research and innovation are primarily financed through public funding mechanisms managed by the national government. The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) serves as the central authority overseeing the allocation of research funds. One of the main instruments employed by the MHESR is the Research Program Contracts (contracts-programmes), which provide structured funding to research laboratories within universities and public research institutions. These contracts are designed to align research activities with national scientific priorities and to promote excellence in research. 

In addition to the MHESR, institutions operating under dual supervision such as agricultural institutes, and agricultural research centers receive funding from both the MHESR and the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources, and Fisheries. 

The Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), established in 1990, plays a pivotal role in this context. IRESA is responsible for coordinating and overseeing agricultural research and higher education institutions, managing the development of research programs, allocating necessary budgets, and ensuring that research efforts align with national agricultural development goals.

Furthermore, IRESA regularly launches calls for proposals for agricultural research projects, such as the Impact-Oriented Research Projects (PRI), which aim to fund impactful research initiatives over multi-year periods. These projects are selected based on merit and alignment with national priorities, and they receive substantial funding to support their objectives. 

Through this dual-funding structure and coordinated efforts between the MHESR and IRESA, Tunisia fosters a collaborative environment that bridges academic research with practical agricultural applications, thereby enhancing the country's biotechnology sector.

Overview of National Research and Innovation Funding in Tunisia (Agriculture & Biotechnology)

Tunisia supports agricultural and biotechnological research through several national programs coordinated by public ministries and agencies. These programs aim to promote applied research, technology transfer, and collaboration between academia and the private sector

Impact-Oriented Research Projects (PRI) – Funded by IRESA

• Number of projects funded: 20 projects (2020–2024)

• Funding body: IRESA – Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (under the Ministry of Agriculture)

• Budget per project: ~300,000 TND over 4 years

• Beneficiaries: Agricultural institutes, research centers, and schools

• Key features:

  • 60% of projects coordinated by women

  • Each project includes 2–6 research institutions and up to 5 private sector partners

Research Results Valorization Program (VRR) – Funded by MHESR

• Number of projects funded: 92 projects

• Total funding allocated: 10 million TND

• Project duration: 3 years

• Funding body: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR)

• Objective: Support the commercialization and transfer of research outputs, including prototypes and patents

• Requirement: Mandatory collaboration with a public or private enterprise contributing 10% of the budget

Federated Research Projects (PRF) – Funded by MHESR

• Number of projects funded: Exact figures for 2024 not publicly available

• Funding body: MHESR (Ministry of higher education and scientific research)

• Objective: Promote national collaboration by federating multiple research teams across institutions around a shared theme

Collaborative Research Projects (PRC) – Funded by MHESR

• Number of projects funded: Not specified for 2024

• Objective: Foster interdisciplinary research to address complex national challenges (e.g., sustainable agriculture, food systems)

• Funding: Provided by MHESR via competitive calls

PAC Collabora – Competitiveness Support Program

• Funding body: MHESR

• Objective: Support public-private innovation projects to enhance competitiveness, including in agri-food and biotechnology sectors

• Funding: National budget, sometimes co-financed by international donors (European Union, French development agency, etc.)

National funding programs such as those managed by IRESA, or the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) do not allocate funding specifically for genome editing (GEd) or modern biotechnologies. Instead, these programs provide support for applied research and innovation across a wide range of scientific and technological fields, with no explicit prioritization of GEd. Funding is typically granted based on alignment with national development priorities, scientific quality, and potential impact, rather than the use of specific techniques. Nevertheless, GEd-related projects can be financed under these schemes, particularly when they contribute to solving pressing agricultural, health, or environmental challenges. In this context, the use of genome editing may be included as part of a broader project proposal, but it is not yet the focus of targeted national funding calls.

2. International Funding Sources

World Bank

The World Bank has been instrumental in supporting Tunisia's agricultural research sector through consecutive projects since 1990. These initiatives have contributed to the development of regional research capacities and the enhancement of agricultural productivity

European Union (EU)

The European Union (EU) has played a pivotal role in strengthening Tunisia’s research and innovation ecosystem through various funding mechanisms and collaborative frameworks. One of the key instruments is the Horizon 2020 and its successor Horizon Europe, under which several Tunisian institutions have been supported via competitive calls for research and innovation actions. Notably, the BIOPROTECH project, funded under the FP7-INCO programme, significantly enhanced the biotechnological research infrastructure and scientific capabilities of the Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS) (European Commission, 2013; BioProtech Consortium, 2013). It also fostered scientific excellence and international cooperation, facilitating CBS’s integration into the European Research Area (ERA) through training, infrastructure upgrades, and joint research activities. Another example is the NATAE project (2022–2026), financed through the PRIMA (Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area) programme, which aims to improve the resilience of North African agricultural systems under increasing climatic stress, particularly water scarcity and high temperatures (CIHEAM, 2024; CARI, 2024). The project supports interdisciplinary research involving Tunisian and European partners to develop sustainable farming models.

INTERREG NEXT Italy–Tunisia

This programme has supported cross-border cooperation in agricultural innovation, environmental protection, and capacity building through joint projects like PROMETEO, EauSIRIS, and ARIBiotech, targeting sectors such as plant protection, water management, and marine biotechnology (Italian Tunisian Joint Secretariat, 2024).

These initiatives not only provide financial support but also promote knowledge transfer, capacity building, and long-term partnerships between Tunisian and European research institutions.

African Development Bank (AfDB)

The AfDB has supported Tunisia through various initiatives, including a loan of $87.1 million in 2023 to intensify cereal production and a $23.72 million project for agroforestry and restoration of degraded forest landscapes .

These funding sources collectively contribute to the advancement of Tunisia's agricultural research and biotechnology sectors, fostering innovation and addressing challenges such as climate change and resource management.

Tunisia has significant potential to harness genome editing (GEd) technologies to advance agricultural productivity, enhance food security, and promote sustainable development. To ensure that these opportunities are realized responsibly and effectively, a set of policy measures is recommended:

• Establish a clear regulatory framework – Develop and implement a science-based, transparent, and predictable legal framework for genome editing, clearly distinguishing it from GMOs where appropriate, while maintaining alignment with international obligations.

• Create a national regulatory authority for biotechnology – Designate or establish a competent authority tasked with oversight, risk assessment, and monitoring of genome-edited products to ensure safety, traceability, and accountability.

• Strengthen research funding and infrastructure – Increase national investment in biotechnology research and development, expand laboratory capacities, and ensure equitable access to advanced equipment and facilities across research institutions.

• Build human and institutional capacity – Provide continuous training for researchers, regulators, and extension agents in genome editing, biosafety, and bioethics, reinforcing technical expertise and institutional preparedness.

• Enhance public awareness and engagement – Develop inclusive communication strategies to inform citizens, farmers, and civil society about the science, benefits, and risks of genome editing, thereby addressing misconceptions and fostering public trust.

• Promote international cooperation and partnerships – Leverage Tunisia’s strong ties with European, Mediterranean, and African research networks to mobilize expertise, co-develop innovations, and facilitate technology transfer.

• Align GEd with national priorities – Integrate genome editing into strategies for food security, climate resilience, and biodiversity conservation, ensuring that applications address Tunisia’s specific socio-economic and environmental challenges.

• Encourage private sector participation – Establish incentives for local and international private investment in biotechnology innovation, while fostering responsible public-private partnerships to ensure equitable benefits.

By implementing these recommendations, Tunisia can build a robust, safe, and innovative genome editing ecosystem that contributes to national development goals and positions the country as a regional leader in modern agricultural biotechnology.

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Annex 1. List of institutions and resource persons involved in the interview